英语指导：自考英语写作常识
一、data的具体表达法
data在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time
在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time
持续变化的data在不同情况下：
增加：increase or raise or rise or go up
减少：decrease or grow down or drop or fall ……
波动：fluctuate or rebound or undulate or wave ……
稳定：remain stable or stabilize or level off ……
最常用的两种表达法：
动词 + 副词形式(Verb+Adverb form)
形容词 + 名词形式(Adjective+Noun form)
1. Verb+Adverb form
The number of XXX
+increase or jump or rise or decrease or drop or fall or fluctuate……
+insignificantly or significantly or slightly or suddenly or rapidly or dramatically or sharply or steeply or steadily or gradually or slowly……
+from (第一时间)to (第二时间)or between (第一时间)and (第二时间)
2. Adjective+Noun form
There was a (very)sudden or rapid or dramatic or significant or sharp or steep or steady or gradual or slow or slight
+increase or jump or rise or decrease or drop or fall or fluctuation (注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation)
+in the number of XXX from (第一时间)to (第二时间)or between (第一时间)and (第二时间)
描述稳定的data：
The number of XXX remained steady or stable from (第一时间)to (第二时间)or between (第一时间) and (第二时间)
The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一时间)to (第二时间)or between (第一时间)and (第二时间)
There was little change or hardly any change or no change in the number of XXX from from (第一时间)to (第二时间)or between (第一时间)and (第二时间)
描述不同状态的data
Noun form：
steady drop or sharp rise peak or dramatic fall or sharp drop
Verbal form：
(to) bottom out or (to) reach the bottom or (to) increase gradually or (to) reach a plateau or (to) remain steady
描述the highest point以及the lowest point
高点极值：
The monthly profit or The figures or The situation ……
+peaked in (月份 or 年)<准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX% or XXX(极点data)
或者reached a peak or a high point at XXX% or XXX(极点data)
低点极值：
XXX bottomed out or reached
+rock or the bottom or a low point
或者hit a trough
此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words or sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下：
并列：as well as(句首 or 中)，also，as well(句尾)，either，neither，too，moreover， furthermore，in addition，additionally，besides，what's more，apart from ……
举例：for example，for instance，to illustrate，as an illustration，in particular，
particularly，especially 事实：as a matter of fact，in fact，actually，as long as，so long as ……
雷同 or 近似：similarly，likewise(句首 or 尾)，at the same time，equally ……
转折：however，whereas，nevertheless，nonetheless，though，although，even though，while，yet，on the contrary，contrarily，in contrast，conversely，on the other hand，unlikely，in stead (of)，in spite of， despite of ……
原因与结果
1. cause-suggestion (几乎不常用)
since or now that ……; I hope that……
because of or on account of or owing to or thanks to + (doing)sth，I hope that……
2. cause-effect (较常用) XXX lead to or bring about or result in or account for ……
(一个句子)， therefore or thus or hence or as a result or consequently or (and)so ……
3. effect-cause (较常用)
XXX be caused by or result from or be the result of or be the effect of or be the consequence of ……
(一个句子)，because ……
it is adj. that ……
it is unimaginable that ……
it is undeniable that ……
it is interesting to discover that ……
二、图形种类及概述法
泛指一份数据图表：a data graph or chart or diagram or illustration or table
饼图：pie chart
直方图或柱形图：bar chart or histogram
趋势曲线图：line chart or curve diagram
表格图：table
流程图或过程图：flow chart or sequence diagram
程序图：processing or procedures diagram
以下是一些较常用的描述用法
The table or chart diagram or graph shows (that)
According to the table or chart diagram or graph
As (is)shown in the table or chart diagram or graph
As can be seen from the table or chart or diagram or graph or figures，
figures or statistics shows (that)……
It can be seen from the figures or statistics
We can see from the figures or statistics
It is clear from the figures or statistics
It is apparent from the figures or statistics
table or chart or diagram or graph figures (that)……
table or chart or diagram or graph shows or describes or illustrates how